Effect of land cover change and elevation on decadal trend of land surface temperature: a linear model with sum contrast analysis

Land surface temperature (LST) is a significant factor in energy balance and global climatology studies. cover (LC) elevation are two factors that affect the change of LST, their effects depend on different geography. This study aims to demonstrate an alternative approach examine LST during 20 years (2001 2020) Taiwan Island investigate effect LC decadal trend using linear model adjusting for each determinate factor. MODIS data, as well GMTED2010 product, were downloaded available website. The natural cubic spline function was used annual seasonal patterns LST. Linear regression estimate long-term time series. Weighted sum contrasts assess transformation by comparing mean all factors. adopted analysis method appropriate categorical than those based treatment contrasts, requiring specifying control group compare means confidence intervals. Results showed there increase most island. average daytime nighttime trends 0.12 0.31 °C/decade, respectively. However, areas southern part north–south direction mountain range show statistically both nighttime. major landslides caused this noticeable due catastrophic damage typhoon Morakot 2009. results also revealed pattern has but not trends. above 600 m had affected LSTs.